<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2 20190208//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.2/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2408-932X</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Research Result. Social Studies and Humanities</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2408-932X</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18413/2408-932X-2018-4-2-0-2</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1444</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>THE EARLY MODERN MUSCOVITE "SUB-TYRRANY" IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE EARLY MODERN MUSCOVITE "SUB-TYRRANY" IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Penskoy</surname><given-names>Vitaly V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Penskoy</surname><given-names>Vitaly V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>penskoy@bsu.edu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" /></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Penskaya</surname><given-names>Tatiana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Penskaya</surname><given-names>Tatiana M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>penskaya@bsu.edu.ru</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Belgorod State National Research University</institution></aff><pub-date pub-type="epub"><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>0</fpage><lpage>0</lpage><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="/media/humanities/2018/2/18-32.pdf" /><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>This article is a reflection on the nature of the &amp;quot;Great Stereotype,&amp;quot; which depicts Russia in early modern times as a despotic Asian state. The authors come to the conclusion that this stereotype is based on the historians&amp;#39; uncritical perception of the evidence of West European travelers, diplomats and adventurers. The reference to the act materials gives a completely different picture. The authors show that in modern Western historiography (and partly in Russia) there has been a stable &amp;quot;revisionist&amp;quot; current. This direction does not reconsider the previous negative assessments of the Moscow early-political political system and regime, and proceeds from the premise that Russia in the early modern period, in its political and legal development, does not fundamentally differ from early Western European states.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article is a reflection on the nature of the &amp;quot;Great Stereotype,&amp;quot; which depicts Russia in early modern times as a despotic Asian state. The authors come to the conclusion that this stereotype is based on the historians&amp;#39; uncritical perception of the evidence of West European travelers, diplomats and adventurers. The reference to the act materials gives a completely different picture. The authors show that in modern Western historiography (and partly in Russia) there has been a stable &amp;quot;revisionist&amp;quot; current. This direction does not reconsider the previous negative assessments of the Moscow early-political political system and regime, and proceeds from the premise that Russia in the early modern period, in its political and legal development, does not fundamentally differ from early Western European states.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Later Middle Ages</kwd><kwd>early Modern</kwd><kwd>Europe</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>state</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>centralization</kwd><kwd>strategies of administration</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Later Middle Ages</kwd><kwd>early Modern</kwd><kwd>Europe</kwd><kwd>Russia</kwd><kwd>state</kwd><kwd>law</kwd><kwd>centralization</kwd><kwd>strategies of administration</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>Список литературы</title><ref id="B1"><mixed-citation>1.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Alekseev,&amp;nbsp;Yu.&amp;nbsp;G. (1991), Gosudar&amp;rsquo; vseja Rusi [The Emperor of All Russia], Nauka, Novosibirsk, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><mixed-citation>2.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Alekseev,&amp;nbsp;Yu.&amp;nbsp;G. (2001), Sudebnik Ivana III. Tradiciya i reforma [The Court Book by Ivan III. Tradition and Reform], Dmitriy Bulanin, Saint-Petersburg, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><mixed-citation>3.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Arakcheev,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;A. (2014), Vlast&amp;rsquo; i &amp;ldquo;zemlya&amp;rdquo;. Pravitelstvennaya politika v otnoshenii tyaglyh sosloviy v Rossii vtoroy poloviny XVI &amp;ndash; nachala XVII veka [The power and &amp;quot;ground&amp;quot;. Government policy in respect of taxpaying estates in Russia in the second half of the 16th &amp;ndash; early 17th century], Drevlehranilishche, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><mixed-citation>4.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Bovykin,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;V. (2012), Mestnoe samoupravlenie v Russkom gosudarstve XVI veka [Local government in the Russian state in the XVI century], Dmitrij Bulanin, Saint Petersburg, Russia.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><mixed-citation>5.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;Dokonchanie of Grand Duke Boris Alexandrovich of Tver with Grand Duke Vitovt of Lithuania&amp;rdquo; (1950), Duhovnie I dogovornye gramoty velikih udel&amp;rsquo;nyh knyazey XIV&amp;ndash;XVI vv. [Spiritual and Treaty ratification and the Great Princes, the 14-16th centuries], Nauka Publishers, Moscow-Leningrad, USSR, 62-63 (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><mixed-citation>6.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dumin,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;V. (1991), &amp;ldquo;Another Rus (the Great princedom Lithuanian and Russian)&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Istoriya Otechestva: lyudi, idei, reshebiya. Ocherki istorii Rossii IX &amp;ndash; nachala XX&amp;nbsp;v. [The history of the Fatherland: people, ideas, solutions. Sketches of history of Russia of the 9-20th centuries], Izdatel&amp;rsquo;stvo politicheskoy literatury, Moscow, Russia, 76-126.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><mixed-citation>7.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Zhivov,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;M. (2002), &amp;ldquo;The History of Russian law as a linguistic and semiotic issue&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Raziskaniya v oblasti istorii i predistorii russkoy kul&amp;rsquo;tury [Searches in the field of history and prehistory of Russian culture], LRC Publishing House, Moscow, Russia,187-290.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><mixed-citation>8.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Zimin,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;A. (1991), Vityaz&amp;#39; na rasput&amp;#39;e [Knight at the crossroads], Mysl&amp;rsquo;, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><mixed-citation>9.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kivelson,&amp;nbsp;V. (2012), Kartografiya carstva: zemlya i ee znachenie v Rossii XVII veka [Cartography of the Kingdom: the land and its value in Russia of the 17th century], Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><mixed-citation>10.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kobrin,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;B. (1991), &amp;ldquo;Ivan the Terrible: The Chosen council or oprichnina?&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Istoriya Otechestva: lyudi, idei, reshebiya. Ocherki istorii Rossii IX &amp;ndash; nachala XX&amp;nbsp;v. [The history of the Fatherland: people, ideas, solutions. Sketches of history of Russia of the 9-20th centuries], Izdatel&amp;rsquo;stvo politicheskoy literatury, Moscow, Russia, 127-162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><mixed-citation>11.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kobrin,&amp;nbsp;V.&amp;nbsp;B. (1991), &amp;ldquo;The time of troubles &amp;ndash; lost opportunities&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Istoriya Otechestva: lyudi, idei, reshebiya. Ocherki istorii Rossii IX &amp;ndash; nachala XX&amp;nbsp;v. [The history of the Fatherland: people, ideas, solutions. Sketches of history of Russia of the 9-20th centuries], Izdatel&amp;rsquo;stvo politicheskoy literatury, Moscow, Russia, 163-185.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><mixed-citation>12.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kollmann,&amp;nbsp;N. (2016), Prestuplenie i nakazanie v Rossii rannego Novogo vremeni [Crime and punishment in Russia of the Early Modern Time], Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><mixed-citation>13.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Krom,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;M. (2010), &amp;ldquo;Vdovstvstvuyuschee carstvo&amp;rdquo;: politicheskij krizis v Rossii 30-40-h godov XVI veka [&amp;ldquo;Widowhood Kingdom&amp;rdquo;: the political crisis in Russia in the 30-40-ies of the 16th century], Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><mixed-citation>14.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Krom,&amp;nbsp;M.&amp;nbsp;M. (2005), &amp;ldquo;To an understanding of Moscow&amp;#39;s &amp;quot;policy&amp;quot; of the 16th century: discourse and practice of late medieval Russian monarchy&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Odissey: Chelovtk v istorii. Vrevya i prostranstvo praktiki, Nauka Publishers, Moscow, Russia, 283-303.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><mixed-citation>15.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Maskevich,&amp;nbsp;S. (1859), &amp;ldquo;Maskevich&amp;#39;s Diary 1594-1621&amp;rdquo;, Skazaniya sovremennikov o Dmitrii Samozvance [Tales of contemporaries of Dmitri the Impostor] (in Russ.), Saint Petersburg, Russia, Vol.&amp;nbsp;1, 13-124.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><mixed-citation>16.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Melgunov,&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;P. (1907), Cerkov&amp;rsquo; i gosudarstvo v Rossii (k voprosu o svobode sovesti) [Church and state in Russia (on freedom of conscience)], Izd-vo Tov. I.D.&amp;nbsp;Sytina. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><mixed-citation>17.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Nosov,&amp;nbsp;N.&amp;nbsp;E. (1969), Stanovlene soslovno-predstavitel&amp;rsquo;skih uchrezhdeniy v Rossii. Izyskaniya o zemskoy reforme Ivana Groznogo [Formation of class-representative institutions in Russia. Research on the Zemsky reform of Ivan the Terrible], Nauka, Leningrad, Russia. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><mixed-citation>18.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Peck,&amp;nbsp;L. (2016), &amp;ldquo;For the king not to be generous would be a mistake&amp;quot;: a look at patronage in the court of the first stewards in England&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Patron-klientskie otnosheniya v istorii i sovremennosti [Patron-client relations in history and modern times], ROSSPEN, Moscow, Russia, 149-184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><mixed-citation>19.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; The first message to Kurbskiy (2005), Poslaniya Ivana Groznogo [The Messages of Ivan the Terrible], Nauka Publishers, Moscow, Russia, 9-71. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><mixed-citation>20.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Pokrovsky,&amp;nbsp;N.&amp;nbsp;N. (1989), Tomsk 1648-1649&amp;nbsp;gg. Voevodskaya chast&amp;rsquo; i zemskie miry [Tomsk in 1648-1649. The provincial government and provincial worlds], Nauka, Novosibirsk, Russia. (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><mixed-citation>21.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Smirnov,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;A. (1994), &amp;ldquo;The State of the fighting nation&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Rodina, 9, 34-38.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><mixed-citation>22.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Sobranie gosudarstvennyh gramot i dogovorov, hranyaschihsya v Gosudarstvennoy Kollegii inostrannyh del. Chast&amp;rsquo; 2-ya [Collection of state certificates and contracts stored in The State College of Foreign Affairs. Part 2] (1819), Tip. Selivanovskogo, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><mixed-citation>23.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Tilly,&amp;nbsp;Ch. (2009), Prinuzhdenie, capital i evropeiskie gosudarstva 990-1992&amp;nbsp;gg. [Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD 990-1992], Translated by Menskaya,&amp;nbsp;T., Publishing House &amp;ldquo;Territoriya buduschego&amp;rdquo;, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><mixed-citation>24.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Franklin,&amp;nbsp;S. (2010), Pismennost&amp;rsquo;, obschestvo i kul&amp;rsquo;tura v Drevney Rusi [Writing, society and culture in Ancient Rus], Translated by Bulanin,&amp;nbsp;D, Dmitriy Bulanin, Saint Petersburg, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><mixed-citation>25.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Henshall,&amp;nbsp;N. (2003), Mif absolutizma. Peremeny i preemstvennost&amp;rsquo; v razvitii zapadnoevropeyskoy monarhii Novogo vremeni [The Myth of Absolutism: Change and Continuity in Early Modern European Monarchy], Translated by Palamarchuk,&amp;nbsp;A., Alteya, Saint Petersburg, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><mixed-citation>26.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Horoshkevich,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;L. (1994), &amp;ldquo;The State of all Rus&amp;rdquo; (in Russ.), Rodina [Motherland], 5, 20-26.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><mixed-citation>27.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elias,&amp;nbsp;N. (2002), Pridvornoe obshchestvo: Issledovaniya po sotsiologii korolya i pridvornoy aristokratii [Court society: Studies in the sociology of the king and the court aristocracy], LRC Publishing House, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><mixed-citation>28.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Yanov,&amp;nbsp;A.&amp;nbsp;L. (2001), Rossiya: u istokov tragedii. 1462-1584. Zametki o prirode proishozhdeniya russkoj gosudarstvennosti [Russia: at the origins of the tragedy. 1462-1584. Notes on the nature of the origin of the Russian statehood], Progress-Tradiciya, Moscow, Russia (in Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><mixed-citation>29.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Barkey,&amp;nbsp;K. (2008), Empire of Difference. The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><mixed-citation>30.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Breen,&amp;nbsp;M. (2005), &amp;ldquo;Patronage, Politics, and the &amp;ldquo;Rule of Law&amp;rdquo; in Early Modern France&amp;rdquo;, Proceedings of the Western Society for French History, Vol. 33, 95-113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><mixed-citation>31.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Carroll,&amp;nbsp;S. (2006), Blood and Violence in Early Modern France. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><mixed-citation>32.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Elliott,&amp;nbsp;J.&amp;nbsp;H. (1992), &amp;ldquo;A Europe of Composite Monarchies&amp;rdquo;, Past &amp;amp; Present, 137 (The Cultural and Political Construction of Europe), 48-71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><mixed-citation>33.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Halperin,&amp;nbsp;C.&amp;nbsp;J. (2002), &amp;ldquo;Muscovy as a Hypertrophic State: A Critique&amp;rdquo;, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Vol. 3, 3, 501-507.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><mixed-citation>34.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kivelson,&amp;nbsp;V. (2002), &amp;ldquo;Muscovite &amp;ldquo;Citizenship&amp;rdquo;: Rights without Freedom&amp;rdquo;, The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 74, 3, 465-489.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><mixed-citation>35.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kivelson,&amp;nbsp;V. (2002), &amp;ldquo;On Words, Sources, and Historical Method: Which Truth about Muscovy?&amp;rdquo;, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Vol.&amp;nbsp;3, 3, 487-499.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><mixed-citation>36.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Kollmann,&amp;nbsp;N.&amp;nbsp;S. (2012), Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><mixed-citation>37.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Koenigsberger,&amp;nbsp;H.&amp;nbsp;G. (1978), &amp;ldquo;Monarchies and Parliaments in Early Modern Europe Dominium Regale or Dominium Politicum et Regale&amp;rdquo;, Theory and Society, Vol.&amp;nbsp;5, 2, 191-217.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><mixed-citation>38.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Lieberman,&amp;nbsp;V. (2009), Strange Parallels. Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800&amp;ndash;1830, Vol.&amp;nbsp;2: Mainland Mirrors: Europe, Japan, China, South Asia, and the Islands, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><mixed-citation>39.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Poe,&amp;nbsp;М. (2002), &amp;ldquo;The Truth about Muscovy&amp;rdquo;, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Vol.&amp;nbsp;3, 3, 473-486.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><mixed-citation>40.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;ldquo;The German State: a Non-Prussian View&amp;rdquo; (1999), Rethinking Leviathan: The Eighteenth-century State in Britain and Germany, in Brever,&amp;nbsp;J. and Hellmith,&amp;nbsp;E. (ed), Oxford University Press, London-Oxford, UK. &amp;nbsp;</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><mixed-citation>41.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Rustemeyer,&amp;nbsp;A. (2010), &amp;ldquo;Systems and Senses: New Research on Muscovy and the Historiography on Early Modern Europe&amp;rdquo;, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Vol.&amp;nbsp;11, 3, 563-579.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><mixed-citation>42.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Scribner,&amp;nbsp;R.&amp;nbsp;W. (1987), &amp;ldquo;Police and the Territorial State in Sixteenth-Century W&amp;uuml;rttemberg&amp;rdquo;, Politics and Society in Reformation Europe, in Elton,&amp;nbsp;G., Kouri,&amp;nbsp;E., Scott,&amp;nbsp;T. (ed), Palgrave MacMillan, London, UK, 103-120.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>