The article is devoted to the problem of value definition of the phenomenon of transhumanism in the context of modern realities. The phenomenon of transhumanism is considered, on the one hand, as an epistemological factor of human transformation, on the other hand, as a factor of social change. The first part of the article is devoted to the problem of determining the limits of improvement of natural human cognitive abilities. It is shown that the natural training of cognitive abilities remains within human nature without affecting or changing it, while transhumanism is about overcoming and transforming human nature through digital implants or genetically. The second part of the paper, devoted to social implications of transhumanism ideas, emphasizes the role of education in the meaning of Greek paideia (παιδεία), on the quality and orientation of which the realization of any macrosocial project depends. The author's concept of connection of transhumanism as an ideological attitude with social changes and reshaping of the whole social landscape, from changes in the forms of interpersonal communication to changes in the social world order as a whole, is presented.