The origins and nature of philosophical problems
The article discusses the origins and essence of philosophical problems, which is very relevant for understanding the place and significance of philosophy in modern culture. In this context, two opposing approaches are analyzed: the “negative” approach and the “positive” approach. Proponents of the first approach, such as L. Wittgenstein, the neo-positivists and their current followers, believe that philosophical problems are pseudo-problems and that there are no genuine ones. In contrast, proponents of the second approach (K.R. Popper and his associates) argue that not only do genuine philosophical problems exist, they also form the core of various stages of philosophical development. The article goes on to note that when evaluating these approaches, it is crucial to consider the existence of different types of philosophical problems. The most significant among them are “temporary” philosophical problems, “centaur” philosophical problems, and “fundamental” philosophical problems. The article demonstrates that these types of philosophical problems differ from each other both in the nature of their origin and in the role they play in philosophical constructions. “Temporary” philosophical problems arise in philosophy when new special sciences are formed within the framework of philosophy, which in this case plays the role of a pre-science. Such problems exist until a new specialised science emerges and gains the ability to rephrase them in its own language. “Centaur” philosophical problems are formed, in particular, as a result of the interaction and interpenetration of the actual coexisting philosophies, on the one hand, and the special sciences, on the other hand. An illustrative example of this type of philosophical problems is the many so-called philosophical problems of natural science: philosophical questions of cosmology, philosophical questions of physics, philosophical questions of biology, etc. 'Fundamental' philosophical problems constitute the solid core of philosophy at all stages of its development. They are a constitutive, invariant component of various philosophical constructions. By their very nature and origin, such problems are worldview problems. Fundamental philosophical problems are worldview problems formulated in the language of philosophy.
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